Volkswagen’s complex ownership and governance structure has come under renewed scrutiny as the German automaker prepares a major restructuring that could include plant closures and nearly 100,000 job cuts. Labour unions have vowed strong resistance, while the company’s unique legal framework gives workers and the German state of Lower Saxony significant influence over key decisions.

The influence stems from the Volkswagen Law, introduced in 1960, which was designed to protect the company from outside control. The law grants Lower Saxony, which holds a 20% voting stake, the power to block major shareholder decisions, while worker representatives on Volkswagen’s 20-member supervisory board can effectively veto significant factory-related changes, making large-scale restructuring more difficult.

Volkswagen’s ownership structure further complicates governance. Porsche SE, the investment vehicle of the Porsche and Piech families, controls a majority of voting rights despite owning less than a third of the company’s total equity. Investors have long criticised this arrangement, arguing it limits corporate governance reforms and contributes to uncertainty as Volkswagen faces falling share prices, leadership challenges and growing pressure to adapt to a changing automotive market.

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