Climate change is putting increasing pressure on maize production across central and eastern Europe, with repeated droughts, heatwaves and water shortages reducing crop yields. The impact is particularly severe in Hungary and Romania, where maize acreage has fallen sharply. Hungary, once a major exporter, is expected to import maize this year, while Romania’s exportable surplus has declined.
The European Union’s maize harvest is forecast at 50.1 million metric tons in 2026, nearly a two-decade low and around 20% below the average of the past three years. Romania’s crop is expected to reach about 8 million tons, while Hungary’s harvest could fall to just 2.5 million tons. EU maize imports are projected to rise by 8% to 9% in 2026/27 as domestic production weakens.
Farmers are increasingly changing how they operate to cope with the changing climate. Some are switching from maize to crops such as sunflowers that require less water, while others are investing in irrigation. However, declining water availability is making even irrigation difficult. Farmers warn that without reliable water supplies, continued maize cultivation could become increasingly unviable, raising concerns for Europe’s food security and agricultural livelihoods.
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