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Record-low water levels in Europe’s major rivers are disrupting electricity generation, cargo transport and business operations as prolonged heatwaves and drought continue across the continent. The shrinking waterways have reduced hydropower output, affected nuclear plant cooling systems and highlighted the growing economic impact of climate change.

Countries including Serbia, Hungary, Romania and France have cut power generation due to insufficient river water for hydropower and nuclear facilities. Several nations are expected to rely more on electricity imports, while low river levels have also disrupted the transport of grain, oil and other goods along key waterways such as the Danube and Rhine.

The drought has also affected company earnings, with utilities reporting lower hydropower production and reduced profits. Businesses across Europe are facing rising operational challenges as extreme weather exposes the need for more resilient energy and transport infrastructure.

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Hungary’s only nuclear power plant, the Soviet-era Paks facility, is set to shut down completely for the first time after record-low water levels in the Danube River left its cooling system unable to operate. Prime Minister Péter Magyar warned the country’s energy supply could become critical as an intense heatwave continues, urging residents to reduce electricity use during peak evening hours.

The prolonged drought and extreme temperatures have affected much of Europe, with the Danube reaching its lowest levels in decades across several countries. Romania has already shut down one reactor at its Cernavoda nuclear plant for the same reason, while authorities are trying to keep the second reactor operational to avoid a complete halt in nuclear power generation.

The shrinking river has also disrupted shipping, exposed historic shipwrecks, and revealed ancient mammoth remains along its riverbed. Scientists say Europe, the world’s fastest-warming continent, is experiencing more frequent heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires, placing growing pressure on water resources, transport, and energy infrastructure.

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Firefighters in Spain and France are battling major wildfires as extreme heat and dry conditions continue to grip southern Europe. Spain’s largest wildfire of the year has scorched around 32,000 hectares in Guadalajara, though the blaze has begun to stabilise, allowing some evacuated residents to return home. In France, firefighters are working to contain multiple fires, including one in the Var region that has burned thousands of hectares and forced hundreds of people to evacuate.

Authorities have blamed the combination of intense heat, drought, and human activity for the growing number of fires. Two firefighters lost their lives in southwest France after their vehicle was engulfed by flames, while officials have imposed barbecue bans and urged the public to avoid activities that could spark new fires. Spain has already recorded 22 major wildfires this year, burning more than 100,000 hectares nationwide.

Scientists warn that climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires across Europe. While some regions are expected to see a brief drop in temperatures, weather agencies caution that fire risks remain extremely high and another surge in heat is likely in the coming days.

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Hungarian authorities are channeling millions of cubic metres of water into the marshes of Hortobágy National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, to prevent the wetlands from drying out during a severe drought. The protected area in eastern Hungary is an important habitat for migratory birds and a popular destination for nature tourism.

Officials said around 2 million cubic metres of water have already been diverted into the marshland, preventing the area from drying up completely. The same wetlands dried out entirely during the 2022 drought, leading to wildfires that destroyed more than 800 hectares of land.

Conservation experts warn that climate change, declining groundwater levels, and reduced rainfall are altering bird migration patterns and threatening the long-term health of the ecosystem. They say sustainable water management and better conservation measures will be essential to protect the wetlands and the wildlife that depends on them.

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Po River in northern Italy has seen a sharp drop in water flow during an intense European heatwave, allowing seawater from the Adriatic to push as far as 18 km inland. The river’s discharge has fallen dramatically from around 1,000 cubic metres per second to below 300, triggering a “salt wedge” effect in the delta region.

The intrusion is disrupting agriculture and fragile wetland ecosystems, with irrigation canals being shut to prevent saltwater from damaging crops such as maize, rice, soybeans, and sunflowers. Farmers say the situation is worsening earlier than in previous drought years, raising concerns over crop survival during a critical growing phase.

Experts and local water managers warn that climate-driven extreme heat events are increasing both in frequency and intensity, overwhelming existing barriers and water management systems. They note that river flow levels have dropped below previously assumed safe thresholds, intensifying risks for farming communities across the delta.

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Francisco José García de Zúñiga, a farmer in Jaén, Spain, is facing a challenging harvest season due to consecutive years of drought in 2022 and 2023. Jaén is a crucial region for olive oil production, with Spain being the world’s largest producer, contributing to 70% of European Union consumption and 45% globally.

The persistent lack of rain in olive-producing areas like Jaén has led to a significant impact on both the quantity and price of olive oil. Mr García de Zúñiga emphasizes that Spain’s challenges affect global production, adhering to the basic law of supply and demand. As Spain produces less oil, global supply decreases, and if demand remains constant, prices rise.

In Spain, olive oil prices have surged by over 70% this year, following a substantial increase in 2022. Factors contributing to this surge include rising costs of fuel, electricity, and fertilizers over the past two years, but the primary factor is the extended period of drought. The Nuestra Señora del Pilar cooperative, one of the world’s largest olive oil factories, experienced a severely low olive harvest in the 2022-23 season.

Cristóbal Gallego Martínez, the cooperative’s president, highlights the impact of climate change on traditional agricultural assumptions. Dry periods are lasting longer, and the usual cycle of poor and good harvests is disrupted. He calls for government measures, such as investing in irrigation systems, to address the changing climate patterns.

The rise in olive oil prices is not limited to Spain, as it has been observed across Europe. Some neighboring countries have seen a less sharp increase, leading to Spaniards crossing borders to purchase slightly cheaper oil. The UK and Ireland, for instance, have lower prices due to having bought oil at a lower cost several months ago.

Despite the economic considerations, experts warn against opting for cheaper alternatives, as olive oil is a vital component of the Mediterranean diet, known for its health benefits. Lower-cost alternatives, such as sunflower oil, might lead to a loss in nutritional value. Fernando López-Segura, from Córdoba’s Reina Sofía hospital, underscores the cardiovascular benefits of consuming [virgin extra] olive oil, emphasizing the importance of maintaining its place in the Mediterranean diet. However, current consumption trends are influenced not only by health considerations but also by the unpredictable patterns of rainfall.

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Even though Lithuania has just heard the pitter-patter of rain, the country is still suffering from a severe drought.

In certain areas of the country, the earth has turned to ash, while toxic dust has blown through the streets of Vilnius, the capital. 

The grass is a burned golden colour, and some of the trees’ leaves are beginning to turn brown.

Many find it unsettling.  

The small Baltic nation’s Farmers’ Union already projects that up to a third of its crops may fail, and summer has just begun. 

With officials this week barring trips to several woods owing to fire concerns, many more months of intense heat might yet be ahead.

A component of this intricate and varied environmental issue is low precipitation.

Only a few times have there been raindrops since April, with the most recent one occurring in the middle of May, according to Gytis Valaika of the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service. 

She notes that whereas May rainfall generally measures 53mm, this year it barely registered 16mm (in some locations less than 10mm).

According to Gabija Tamulaityt, an environmental specialist at the Baltic Environmental Forum Lithuania, many farmers lack irrigation systems in their fields since they are typically not required, making them particularly sensitive to excessive heat.

The worst scenario is in western Lithuania, where cattle and arable cultivation have long been practised. Since early May, this region has been experiencing drought.

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In light of the worst drought in 70 years, Italy has declared an emergency in five northern districts around the Po River. To address the water scarcity, emergency funding totaling €36.5 million (£31 million; $38 million) will be allocated to Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lombardy, Piedmont, and Veneto.

According to the agricultural group Coldiretti, the drought puts more than 30% of Italy’s agricultural output in jeopardy. Water rationing has already been announced by a number of municipalities. Water problems in northern Italy have been made worse by unusually warm temperatures and minimal rainfall during the winter and spring.

The Italian government stated that “the state of emergency is intended to manage the current crisis with unprecedented means and powers.” If things didn’t get better, it threatened to take more action. Italy’s longest river, the Po, flows more than 650 kilometres eastward (404 miles).

Farmers in the Po Valley claim that crops are being destroyed by seawater that is now leaking into the river. Mario Draghi, the prime minister, travelled to the Dolomites on Monday, where a glacier fall left 13 people missing. He claimed there was “no doubt” that global warming contributed to the calamity.

On the Marmolada mountain, an avalanche brought on by the glacier’s disintegration resulted in at least seven fatalities and eight injuries.

Drones with thermal imaging capabilities are helping in the search for the missing, who also include a number of international nationals.

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