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Euro zone manufacturing activity expanded at its fastest pace in nearly four years in March, according to a survey by S&P Global, with the Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index rising to 51.6 from 50.8 in February. While the headline figure signaled growth, analysts noted that supply chain disruptions linked to the Middle East conflict temporarily inflated output figures. As reported by Reuters, delays in supplier deliveries and logistics bottlenecks contributed to the uptick, masking underlying weak demand conditions.

The ongoing geopolitical tensions have significantly impacted manufacturing costs, with input price inflation climbing to its highest level since October 2022. Joe Hayes highlighted that rising oil and energy prices, combined with disrupted maritime logistics, are placing renewed pressure on producers. Although production increased for the third consecutive month and export orders stabilized after prolonged contraction, demand growth remained modest, and firms continued to cut jobs at an accelerated pace.

Despite some positive signals—such as rising backlogs and improved output—business confidence slipped to a five-month low as uncertainty persists. Among major economies, Germany and Italy recorded strong recoveries, while Spain remained in contraction and France showed stagnation. With manufacturers passing on rising costs to consumers at the fastest rate in over three years, concerns are mounting that inflationary pressures could weaken the euro zone’s global competitiveness and derail its fragile recovery.

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Inflation increased to at least 2.5% across four German states in March, driven largely by rising energy prices linked to the ongoing U.S.-Israeli conflict with Iran. In North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany’s most populous state, annual inflation climbed to 2.7% from 1.8% in February. Similar increases were recorded in Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Lower Saxony, signalling a likely nationwide rise in inflation figures expected later in the day.

Economists surveyed by Reuters predict Germany’s harmonised inflation rate will reach 2.8% in March, up from 2.0% the previous month. Analysts warn that while energy costs are currently the main driver, broader price increases may follow. Berenberg Bank chief economist Holger Schmieding said higher transport costs and potential fertiliser shortages could push food prices higher, with inflation possibly exceeding 3% if the conflict continues.

A survey by the Ifo institute showed German companies increasingly expect to raise prices due to rising production and transport expenses. The data comes ahead of eurozone inflation figures, with markets anticipating further monetary tightening by the European Central Bank. Investors now expect up to three interest rate hikes this year as policymakers respond to mounting inflation pressures.

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European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde is reportedly considering an early departure from her post, potentially before France’s 2027 presidential election. The move, cited by the Financial Times, would allow outgoing President Emmanuel Macron to have a say in selecting her successor, as a far-right victory next year could complicate the choice. ECB officials, however, insist Lagarde remains focused on her current term and has made no final decision.

France, as the eurozone’s second-largest economy, traditionally plays a major role in appointing ECB leadership, with Germany also influencing the selection. Potential successors include Klaas Knot, Pablo Hernández de Cos, and Joachim Nagel, all mainstream central bankers expected to maintain policy continuity. Lagarde’s early exit could also accelerate appointments for other key ECB executive roles, including chief economist Philip Lane and market operations head Isabel Schnabel.

The news follows the early resignation of François Villeroy de Galhau, enabling Macron to influence domestic central bank appointments. Despite political maneuvering, markets remain calm, with inflation stable and interest rates neutral, making the ECB’s current policy environment relatively stable and predictable. Analysts warn, however, that attempts to preempt a far-right government could have unintended political consequences.

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The European Central Bank (ECB) should be careful about taking preemptive policy action in response to rising uncertainty, Austrian central bank chief Martin Kocher said in an interview with German outlet Platow. Kocher noted that while geopolitical risks have intensified recently, central banks should avoid committing to policy moves before risks clearly materialise.

Kocher pointed to heightened global uncertainty driven partly by fresh geopolitical tensions, including threats of new U.S. trade measures. However, he cautioned that acting too early—especially when inflation risks are not clearly tilted in one direction—could lock policymakers into a difficult position and complicate communication. “Some risks can be addressed in advance, but many cannot,” he said.

He added that over the past six months, risks had shifted “slightly to the positive,” with modestly improved euro zone growth expectations and stable financial markets. While acknowledging recent developments, Kocher said it was too soon to reassess the broader outlook. Financial markets currently expect the ECB to keep interest rates unchanged through 2026.

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Germany’s private sector lost momentum in November, with manufacturing unexpectedly contracting and the services sector expanding at a slower pace, according to the latest HCOB flash composite Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) compiled by S&P Global. The index slipped to 52.1 from 53.9 in October, marking a two-month low. Despite the decline, the reading stayed above the 50-point threshold for the sixth consecutive month, signaling continued but weakening growth.

The manufacturing PMI fell deeper into contraction territory at 48.4, compared with 49.6 in October and below expectations for a slight improvement. The sector saw sharp drops in new orders, particularly export sales, which experienced their fastest decline since January. The downturn led to falling backlogs and a rise in job losses. Meanwhile, the services PMI also weakened to 52.7 from 54.6, missing forecasts and contributing to a subdued overall outlook.

“This is a major setback for Germany,” said Cyrus de la Rubia, chief economist at Hamburg Commercial Bank, noting that hopes for stronger service sector expansion have faded. He warned that the economy is “limping towards marginal growth” in the fourth quarter. While government investment in defence and civil engineering has boosted optimism for future output, the finance ministry recently stated that only a moderate recovery is likely by year-end.

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